In the current article I intend to display the measured distance, between sensor and some object, on the LCD with 2x16 characters.If I succeeded or not, you will find only if you will hit the "...read more" link.
...read more.
Thursday, August 11, 2011
Distance Sensor Sharp 2YOA21 & LCD
In the current article I intend to display the measured distance, between sensor and some object, on the LCD with 2x16 characters.If I succeeded or not, you will find only if you will hit the "...read more" link.
...read more.
Dot Matrix Led 8x8 & MAX 7219
In a dot led matrix display, multiple LEDs are connected together in row and columns. This connection is established to reduce the number of pins needed to manipulate them.
In the current article we will use a 8x8 LED matrix, which would require 64-pin I/O, one for each pixel.
Connecting all the anodes together (from R1 to R8) and cathodes in column (from C1 to C8), the required number of I/O pins, is reduced to 16. Each LED is accessed by its row and column number....read more
Lesson nr.20-Sound generation
Communication with the buzzer will be performed at PORT RB3 ( as PWM mode). The Push buttons are connected to PORT RA4 (generates Tone1), RA6 (generates Tone2) and RA7(generates melody2). Of course we need pull-up resistors (4k7 is required).
..read more.
Monday, August 8, 2011
Distance Sensor Sharp 2YOA21 & LCD
The distance sensor produced by Sharp is a popular and relatively low cost solution for measuring distance. The sensor can be used also for measuring the rightness or color (in very limited extent) but in this article we will talk only about measuring distances.
In the current experiment we will use the 2YOA21 model and the characteristics of this sensor are:
Examples of sensors are:
Physical realization is carried out on the breadboard with 2420 dots.
Trough this video I would like to share the situation in real time.
Now, I will share a little bit of theory, theory needed to put things in motion.
Below I present the timing diagram for data signal transmitted on pin 1 of the sensor 2YOA21.
The following diagrams are very useful when we want to construct the formula for measuring distance.
Above we have the diagram that specify the relationship between the distance measured and the output voltage of 2YOA21 sensor.
Above we have the diagram that specify the relationship between the output voltage and the inverse number of distance sensor 2YOA21.
Pin description of 2YOA21 distance sensor.
Below we have the diagram block of 2YOA21 distance sensor.
In the datasheet, the manufacturer recommend us how to align properly, the distance sensor by the measured surface.
Below I will present you trough two pictures how to do that.
Notes:
Before we put the toy in operation we must take into consideration the following tips:
S1 is the master reset button, R1 is the resistor of pull-up button.
Cristal quartz by 8 MHz, is used.
C3 and C4 are used for additional filtering of the sensor 2YOA21.
Trough J1 we ensure the connectivity with distance sensor.
ICSP connector is used to program the microcontroller.
Trough R2 we can adjust the contrast for LCD with 2x16 characters.
R3 adjusts the current through the LED LCD (light intensity of it).
The electronic scheme is built in Eagle Cad, free version.
Until this moment, I found 3 ways to extract the formula that converts the sensor output voltage in the distance. I will show below:
For those who are extremely pretentious can develop a look-up table from data points supplied from the graph, but if you choose this route should be considered the RAM memory of microcontroller, must be big enough to host the entire data table.
Below is my software version:
In the current experiment we will use the 2YOA21 model and the characteristics of this sensor are:- Minimum Measuring Distance = 10cm;
- Maximum Measuring Distance = 80cm;
- Infrared Proximity Sensor;
- Analog output inversely proportional to distance;
- Sensor is Ratiometric;
- Operating Supply Voltage = 4.5V to 5.5V;
- Average Supply Current – Typical = 30mA;
- Response Time = 38 ± 10ms.
Examples of sensors are:
- Sharp Distance Sensor GP2D120 (4-30cm);
- Sharp Distance Sensor GP2Y0A21 (10-80cm);
- Sharp Distance Sensor GP2Y0A02 (20-150cm).
Hardware setup:
In the current article I intend to display the measured distance, between sensor and some object, on the LCD with 2x16 characters.Physical realization is carried out on the breadboard with 2420 dots.
Trough this video I would like to share the situation in real time.
Now, I will share a little bit of theory, theory needed to put things in motion.
Below I present the timing diagram for data signal transmitted on pin 1 of the sensor 2YOA21.
Timing diagram.
The following diagrams are very useful when we want to construct the formula for measuring distance.
The distance vs. output voltage.
Above we have the diagram that specify the relationship between the distance measured and the output voltage of 2YOA21 sensor.
The output voltage vs. inverse number of the distance.
Above we have the diagram that specify the relationship between the output voltage and the inverse number of distance sensor 2YOA21.
Pin description of 2YOA21 distance sensor.
Pinout.
Below we have the diagram block of 2YOA21 distance sensor.
Block diagram.
In the datasheet, the manufacturer recommend us how to align properly, the distance sensor by the measured surface.
Below I will present you trough two pictures how to do that.
Proper Alignment to Surface Being Measured
Proper Alignment to Moving Surfaces.
Notes:
Before we put the toy in operation we must take into consideration the following tips:
- Must be kept the sensor lens clean. The dust, water, oil, and other contaminants can deteriorate the characteristics of this device;
- When using a protective cover over the emitter and detector, ensure the cover efficiently transmits light throughout the wavelength range of the LED (λ = 850 nm ± 70 nm). Both sides of the protective cover should be highly polished;
- Objects in proximity to the sensor may cause reflections that can affect the operation of the sensor;
- Sources of high ambient light (the sun or strong artificial light) may affect measurement. For best results, the application should be designed to prevent interference from direct sunlight or artificial light;
- Using the sensor with a mirror can induce measurement errors. Often, changing the incident angle on the mirror can correct this problem;
- The manufacturer recommends a 10 μF (or larger) bypass capacitor between VCC and GND near the sensor.
Circuit Diagram:
Difficulty level of the electronic scheme, is low. The microcontroller used is PIC16F876A because he posses the analog to digital converter, conversion required for the signal processing collected from our distance sensor.S1 is the master reset button, R1 is the resistor of pull-up button.
Cristal quartz by 8 MHz, is used.
C3 and C4 are used for additional filtering of the sensor 2YOA21.
Trough J1 we ensure the connectivity with distance sensor.
ICSP connector is used to program the microcontroller.
Trough R2 we can adjust the contrast for LCD with 2x16 characters.
R3 adjusts the current through the LED LCD (light intensity of it).
The electronic schematic.
The electronic scheme is built in Eagle Cad, free version.
Software:
The program is written in mikroC Pro for PIC 2011 (version v4.60).Until this moment, I found 3 ways to extract the formula that converts the sensor output voltage in the distance. I will show below:
- Based on "typical values" from Sharp, the formula to translate sensor value into distance (the formula is only valid for a sensor value between 80 to 500) is:
- Analyzing the diagrams below we can deduce:
Calibration curves of 2YOA21 sensor.
This equation was derived from the calibration curve:
where “IR Value” is the digital output signal from the sensor.
The curve was created by plotting output values of the IR sensor versus distances to a stationary, flat object.
Here is the diagram of 2YOA21 sensor values at ranges between 0cm and 150cm:
Sharp Sensor Data.
- And now I will present the formula used in the current article.
As I said above, the analog voltage is the inverse of distance, so distance can be calculated as:
then scaled to suit with the datasheet.
We will load ADC value in 16 bit “math” variable and we will use in this way:
for scaling, 6050 is a constant.
For those who are extremely pretentious can develop a look-up table from data points supplied from the graph, but if you choose this route should be considered the RAM memory of microcontroller, must be big enough to host the entire data table.
Below is my software version:
/*
'*******************************************************************************
' Project name: Distance Sensor Sharp 2YOA21 & LCD Display
' Description:
' In this experiment we will try to display on LCD 2x16 character,
' distance helped by IR senzor "Sharp 2Y0A21YK" wich is able to give
' distance betwen 10cm~80cm.
' Written by:
' Aureliu Raducu Macovei, 2011.
' Test configuration:
' MCU: PIC16F876A;
' Test.Board: WB-106 Breadboard 2420 dots;
' SW: MikroC PRO for PIC 2011 (version v4.60);
' Configuration Word:
' Oscillator: HS (8Mhz)on pins 9 and 10;
' Watchdog Timer: OFF;
' Power up Timer: OFF;
' Browun Out Detect: ON;
' Low Voltage Program: Disabled;
' Data EE Read Protect: OFF;
' Flash Program Write: Write Protection OFF;
' Background Debug: Disabled;
' Code Protect: OFF
'*******************************************************************************
*/
// LCD module connections;
sbit LCD_RS at RB0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at RB1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at RB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at RB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at RB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at RB7_bit;
sbit LCD_RS_Direction at TRISB0_bit;
sbit LCD_EN_Direction at TRISB1_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at TRISB4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at TRISB5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at TRISB6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at TRISB7_bit;
// End LCD module connections;
unsigned int cm,cm10;
unsigned int math;
char *text;
char *digit = "00";
void calc_distance(void)
{
// from the datasheet the analog voltage is
// the inverse of distance, so distance can be calculated
// d = (1 / volts) then just scaled to suit the datasheet
// load ADC value in 16bit math variable.
math = ADC_Read(0);
math = ADRESH;
math = (math * 255);
math += ADRESL;
// now invert it; (1 / volts) use (6050 / volts) for scaling, 6050 is a constant;
math = (6050 / math);
if(math >= 2) math -= 2; // fix linear error (-2)
if(math < 10) math = 10; // min limit at 10cm
if(math > 80) math = 80; // max limit at 80cm
// convert from 0-99 to 2 decimal digits, 0-99cm
cm10=0;
while(math >= 10)
{
cm10++;
math -= 10;
}
cm = math;
}
void main(void)
{
ADCON0 = 0X01; // RA0 as Analog Input;
ADCON1 = 0X0E; // Reference VDD and VSS, with left justified;
CMCON |=7; // Disable comparator;
TRISA0_bit = 1; // Make RA0 as input;
PORTA = 0x00; // Initial value of PORTA;
LCD_Init(); // Initialize the LCD;
LCD_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor mode off;
LCD_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear the entire LCD;
text = "Sharp 2Y0A21";
LCD_Out(1,3,text);
text = "Distance:";
LCD_Out(2,1,text);
text = "cm";
LCD_Out(2,13,text);
while(1)
{
calc_distance(); // Call the "calc_distance" function;
digit[0] = cm10 + 48; // tens digit;
digit[1] = cm +48; // unit digit;
Lcd_Out(2,10,digit); // display on LCD from column 2, from character 10;
delay_ms(100);
}
}
Sunday, July 24, 2011
Dot Matrix Led 8x8 & MAX 7219
In this article we will discuss about functions of MAX 7219, created by the Maxim company. This IC (Integrated Circuit) could help as, when we whant to work with digits and LEDs.
At the designing of this IC,was wanted fulfillment of the following functions:
Of course Max7219 may be used for handling an matrix of LEDs, up to 8x8 resolution, bar-graph displays or control up to 64 LEDs, individually.
Trough video below I whant to demonstrate that things can be put in motion.
In a dot led matrix display, multiple LEDs are connected together in row and columns. This connection is established to reduce the number of pins needed to manipulate them.
In the current article we will use a 8x8 LED matrix, which would require 64-pin I/O, one for each pixel.
Connecting all the anodes together (from R1 to R8) and cathodes in column (from C1 to C8), the required number of I/O pins, is reduced to 16. Each LED is accessed by its row and column number.
In the figure below, if R5 is in in 1 logic and C3 is in 0 logic, the LED on line 5 column 3 will be turned on.
The characters will be displayed by fast scanning of each row and column.
The table below shows the logic levels, which are applied to rows and columns, to display the character "X". At the bottom of the table we have the hex code for it.
Serial-Data Format (16 Bits):
For the MAX7219, serial data at DIN, sent in 16-bit packets, is shifted into the internal 16-bit shift register with each rising edge of CLK regardless of the state of
LOAD. For the MAX7221, CS must be low to clock data in or out. The data is then latched into either the digit or control registers on the rising edge of LOAD/CS.
LOAD/CS must go high concurrently with or after the 16th rising clock edge, but before the next rising clock edge or data will be lost. Data at DIN is propagated
through the shift register and appears at DOUT 16.5 clock cycles later. Data is clocked out on the falling edge of CLK. Data bits are labeled D0–D15 (picture from above). D8–D11 contain the register address. D0–D7 contain the data, and D12–D15 are “don’t care” bits. The first received is D15, the most significant bit (MSB).
Register Address Map:
For more details, please study the MAX7219 datasheet.
Circuit Diagram:
Difficulty level of the electronic scheme, is low. Microcontroller used in the current project is PIC16F876A, this MCU supports SPI communication.
S1 is the master reset button, R3 is the resistor of pull-up button.
Cristal quartz by 8 MHz, is used.
R1 represent the pull-up resistor for "LOAD/CS".
R2 adjusts the current on the segment, for all digits.
Our matrix LED 8x8 is in common catode configuration.
The electronic scheme is built in Eagle Cad, free version:
Software:
The program is written in mikroC Pro for PIC 2011 (version v4.60). To store the entire alphabet and symbols, the column 0 and 7 are not used, in case you opt for a microcontroller with more RAM, you can add columns 0 and 7 and you will enjoy the entire matrix.
At the designing of this IC,was wanted fulfillment of the following functions:
- Control of eight digits, made with LED technology;
- Common cathode configuration;
- Communication via SPI, with a slew-rate limited on the segment driver, to reduce EMI (Electromagnetic Interference).
Of course Max7219 may be used for handling an matrix of LEDs, up to 8x8 resolution, bar-graph displays or control up to 64 LEDs, individually.
Included on-chip are a BCD code-B decoder, multiplex scan circuitry, segment and digit drivers, and an 8x8 static RAM that stores each digit. Only one external resistor is required to set the segment current for all LEDs.
Hardware setup:
Physical realization is carried out on the breadboard with 2420 dots. The example made by me can be studied below.
Electronic scheme, in action.
Trough video below I whant to demonstrate that things can be put in motion.
In a dot led matrix display, multiple LEDs are connected together in row and columns. This connection is established to reduce the number of pins needed to manipulate them.
In the current article we will use a 8x8 LED matrix, which would require 64-pin I/O, one for each pixel.
Connecting all the anodes together (from R1 to R8) and cathodes in column (from C1 to C8), the required number of I/O pins, is reduced to 16. Each LED is accessed by its row and column number.
In the figure below, if R5 is in in 1 logic and C3 is in 0 logic, the LED on line 5 column 3 will be turned on.
The characters will be displayed by fast scanning of each row and column.
The structure of dot matrix LED 8x8.
The table below shows the logic levels, which are applied to rows and columns, to display the character "X". At the bottom of the table we have the hex code for it.
Logical level of 8x8 matrix.
The image above shows pins connections for my dot matrix led 8x8.
Serial-Data Format (16 Bits):
For the MAX7219, serial data at DIN, sent in 16-bit packets, is shifted into the internal 16-bit shift register with each rising edge of CLK regardless of the state of
LOAD. For the MAX7221, CS must be low to clock data in or out. The data is then latched into either the digit or control registers on the rising edge of LOAD/CS.
LOAD/CS must go high concurrently with or after the 16th rising clock edge, but before the next rising clock edge or data will be lost. Data at DIN is propagated
through the shift register and appears at DOUT 16.5 clock cycles later. Data is clocked out on the falling edge of CLK. Data bits are labeled D0–D15 (picture from above). D8–D11 contain the register address. D0–D7 contain the data, and D12–D15 are “don’t care” bits. The first received is D15, the most significant bit (MSB).
Register Address Map:
For more details, please study the MAX7219 datasheet.
Circuit Diagram:
Difficulty level of the electronic scheme, is low. Microcontroller used in the current project is PIC16F876A, this MCU supports SPI communication.
S1 is the master reset button, R3 is the resistor of pull-up button.
Cristal quartz by 8 MHz, is used.
R1 represent the pull-up resistor for "LOAD/CS".
R2 adjusts the current on the segment, for all digits.
Our matrix LED 8x8 is in common catode configuration.
The electronic schematic.
The electronic scheme is built in Eagle Cad, free version:
Software:
The program is written in mikroC Pro for PIC 2011 (version v4.60). To store the entire alphabet and symbols, the column 0 and 7 are not used, in case you opt for a microcontroller with more RAM, you can add columns 0 and 7 and you will enjoy the entire matrix.
/*
'*******************************************************************************
' Project name: PIC16F876A & MAX7219 For 8x8 LED Display
' Description:
' Trough the current experiment we wish to succed the next task:
' Display on 8x8 Led matrix, the alphabet. The sequence between letters,
' will have one second delay.
' Written by:
' Mark &
' Aureliu Raducu Macovei, 2011.
' Test configuration:
' MCU: PIC16F876A;
' Test.Board: WB-106 Breadboard 2420 dots;
' SW: MikroC PRO for PIC 2011 (version v4.60);
' Configuration Word:
' Oscillator: HS (8Mhz)on pins 9 and 10;
' Watchdog Timer: OFF;
' Power up Timer: OFF;
' Browun Out Detect: ON;
' Low Voltage Program: Disabled;
' Data EE Read Protect: OFF;
' Flash Program Write: Write Protection OFF;
' Background Debug: Disabled;
' Code Protect: OFF
'*******************************************************************************
*/
// For more space, we don't need byte 0 and byte 7.
// We have stripped them out, if/when we have a need and a bigger PIC,
// then we can put them back if we want.
// Here we define row values for each of the six columns corresponding to the
// Alphabet, from A through Z.
unsigned const short Alphabet[156]={
0x7f, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x88, 0x7f, // A
0xff, 0x91, 0x91, 0x91, 0x91, 0x6e, // B
0x7e, 0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x42, // C
0xff, 0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, // D
0x81, 0xff, 0x91, 0x91, 0x91, 0x91, // E
0x81, 0xff, 0x91, 0x90, 0x90, 0x80, // F
0x7e, 0x81, 0x81, 0x89, 0x89, 0x4e, // G
0xff, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0x10, 0xff, // H
0x00, 0x81, 0xff, 0xff, 0x81, 0x00, // I
0x06, 0x01, 0x81, 0xfe, 0x80, 0x00, // J
0x81, 0xff, 0x99, 0x24, 0xc3, 0x81, // K
0x81, 0xff, 0x81, 0x01, 0x01, 0x03, // L
0xff, 0x60, 0x18, 0x18, 0x60, 0xff, // M
0xff, 0x60, 0x10, 0x08, 0x06, 0xff, // N
0x7e, 0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x81, 0x7e, // O
0x81, 0xff, 0x89, 0x88, 0x88, 0x70, // P
0x7e, 0x81, 0x85, 0x89, 0x87, 0x7e, // Q
0xff, 0x98, 0x98, 0x94, 0x93, 0x61, // R
0x62, 0x91, 0x91, 0x91, 0x91, 0x4e, // S
0xc0, 0x81, 0xff, 0xff, 0x81, 0xc0, // T
0xfe, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0xfe, // U
0xfc, 0x02, 0x01, 0x01, 0x02, 0xfc, // V
0xff, 0x02, 0x04, 0x04, 0x02, 0xff, // W
0xc3, 0x24, 0x18, 0x18, 0x24, 0xc3, // X
0xc0, 0x20, 0x1f, 0x1f, 0x20, 0xc0, // Y
0xc3, 0x85, 0x89, 0x91, 0xa1, 0xc3, // Z
};
unsigned const short Symbols[114]={
0x00, 0x3c, 0x42, 0x81, 0x00, 0x00, // (
0x00, 0x00, 0x81, 0x42, 0x3c, 0x00, // )
0x00, 0x00, 0xff, 0x81, 0x00, 0x00, // [
0x00, 0x00, 0x81, 0xff, 0x00, 0x00, // ]
0x00, 0x18, 0xe7, 0x81, 0x00, 0x00, // {
0x00, 0x00, 0x81, 0xe7, 0x18, 0x00, // }
0x00, 0x18, 0x24, 0x42, 0x81, 0x00, // <
0x00, 0x81, 0x42, 0x24, 0x18, 0x00, // >
0x00, 0x03, 0x0c, 0x30, 0xc0, 0x00, // /
0x00, 0xc0, 0x30, 0x0c, 0x03, 0x00, // \
0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, //
0x00, 0x00, 0xfd, 0xfd, 0x00, 0x00, // !
0x60, 0x80, 0x8d, 0x8d, 0x90, 0x60, // ?
0x42, 0x24, 0xff, 0xff, 0x24, 0x42, // *
0x24, 0xff, 0x24, 0x24, 0xff, 0x24, // #
0x62, 0x91, 0xff, 0xff, 0x91, 0x4e, // $
0x66, 0x99, 0x99, 0x66, 0x09, 0x00, // &
0x42, 0xa4, 0x48, 0x12, 0x25, 0x42, // %
0x20, 0x3f, 0x20, 0x20, 0x3e, 0x21, // pi
};
// Serial 8x8 Matrix Display connections.
sbit Chip_Select at RC0_bit;
sbit Chip_Select_Direction at TRISC0_bit;
// End Serial 8x8 Matrix Display connections.
// Here we set the configuration of max7219.
void max7219_init1()
{
Chip_Select = 0; // SELECT MAX
SPI1_write(0x09); // BCD mode for digit decoding
SPI1_write(0x00);
Chip_Select = 1; // DESELECT MAX
Chip_Select = 0; // SELECT MAX
SPI1_write(0x0A);
SPI1_write(0x0F); // Segment luminosity intensity
Chip_Select = 1; // DESELECT MAX
Chip_Select = 0; // SELECT MAX
SPI1_write(0x0B);
SPI1_write(0x07); // Display refresh
Chip_Select = 1; // DESELECT MAX
Chip_Select = 0; // SELECT MAX
SPI1_write(0x0C);
SPI1_write(0x01); // Turn on the display
Chip_Select = 1; // DESELECT MAX
Chip_Select = 0; // SELECT MAX
SPI1_write(0x00);
SPI1_write(0xFF); // No test
Chip_Select = 1; // DESELECT MAX
}
// This is write Byte function.
void Write_Byte(unsigned short myColumn, unsigned short myValue)
{
Chip_Select = 0; // select max7219.
SPI1_write(myColumn); // send myColumn value to max7219 (digit place).
SPI1_write(myValue); // send myValue value to max7219 (digit place).
Chip_Select = 1; // deselect max7219.
}
// This is clear matrix function.
void Clear_Matrix(void)
{
unsigned short x;
for(x=1;x<9;x++)
{
Write_Byte(x,0x00);
}
}
void Write_Char(char myChar)
{
unsigned short Column, Start_Byte;
// We will use only uppercase characters, so we will start from 65
// (look at the ascii chart), with an offset of 6, becouse we are using only 6
// bytes for each character.
// Clear the display first.
Clear_Matrix();
// The next line defines our byte, from which to start the array.
Start_Byte = (myChar - 65) * 6; // 65 represents the letter "A" in ASCII code.
// We are using only columns from 2 through 7 for displaying the character.
for(Column=2;Column<8;Column++)
{
Write_Byte(Column, Alphabet[Start_Byte++]);
}
}
// This is write char function.
void Write_Symbol(char mysymbols)
{
unsigned short Column1, Start_Byte1;
// We will use only uppercase characters, so we will start from 65
// (look at the ascii chart), with an offset of 6, becouse we are using only 6
// bytes for each character.
// Clear the display first.
Clear_Matrix();
// The next line defines our byte, from which to start the array.
Start_Byte1 = (mysymbols-0) * 6 ;
// We are using only columns from 2 through 7 for displaying the character.
for(Column1=2;Column1<8;Column1++)
{
Write_Byte(Column1, Symbols[Start_Byte1++]);
}
}
// Here we have the main function.
void main()
{
unsigned int x,y;
Chip_Select_Direction = 0; // Set RC0 pin as output.
SPI1_init(); // Initialize SPI1 module.
max7219_init1(); // initialize max7219.
do // infinite loop.
{
// You can write the characters this way, one at a time.
/*
Write_Char('R');
Delay_ms(1000);
Write_Char('A');
Delay_ms(1000);
Write_Char('D');
Delay_ms(1000);
Write_Char('U');
Delay_ms(1000);
*/
// or
for(x=65;x<=90;x++) // Increment with 1, from 65 until 90.
{
Write_Char(x);
Delay_ms(1000); // This is our delay, between two consecutive character.
}
Clear_Matrix(); // Clear the Matrix display;
delay_ms(500);
for(y=0;y<=18;y++)
{
Write_Symbol(y); // This is our delay, between two consecutive character.
Delay_ms(1000);
}
}while(1); // do forever.
}
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